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Table of Contents

Global Warming and Canada
Getting to Zero Emissions by 2060

Content Page
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Canada’s Emissions 3
Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 3
Canada’s Emission Profile 3
The Challenge 5
Chapter 2: Fossil Fuels 6
Past Emissions 6
National Priorities 6
Non-energy Use of Fossil Fuels 7
Efficient Fossil Fuels 7
Carbon Capture and Storage 7
Capture from Combustion 8
Transportation and Storage of Captured CO2 9
Fugitive Emissions 10
Getting to Zero by 2060 11
Projected Emissions 13
Chapter 3: Generally Electric 14
Past Emissions 14
Meeting Canada’s Energy Needs through Electricity Without Fossil Fuels 14
Potential Energy Sources 16
Wind 16
Solar 20
Photovoltaic Systems 23
Solar Heat 25
Other Technologies 26
Water Power 26
Hydro 26
Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy 28
Salinity 29
Nuclear 30
Thermal 31
Commercialization 33
Grid Management 33
The Collection System. 34
The Distribution System. 34
Storage 34
Super Grids and High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines 37
Removing Demand Peaks 39
A Final Note 41
Getting to Zero by 2060 41
Projected Emissions 41
Chapter 4: Stationary Combustion Sources 43
Past Emissions 43
Reducing Energy Demand 44
Getting to Zero by 2060 46
Projected Emissions 47
Chapter 5: Road and Off-Road Transportation 48
Past Emissions 48
The Electric Vehicle 49
Battery-Powered Vehicles 50
Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles 53
Production of Hydrogen 53
Distribution of Hydrogen 54
Storage of Hydrogen 54
Electricity Generation 55
Implementing the Hydrogen Economy 55
Biofuels 56
Trucking 57
Vehicle Usage Strategies 57
Improving Car Design 58
Getting to Zero by 2060 58
Projected Emissions 59
Chapter 6: Aviation and Marine 60
Aviation 60
Past Emissions 60
Marine 65
Past Emissions 65
Getting to Zero by 2060 66
Projected Emissions 67
Chapter 7: Railways 68
Past Emissions 68
Getting to Zero by 2060 69
Projected Emissions 69
Chapter 8: Industrial Processes 70
Past Emissions 70
Getting to Zero by 2060 71
Projected Emissions 71
Chapter 9: Solvent and Other Product Use 72
Past Emissions 72
Getting to Zero by 2060 72
Projected Emissions 72
Chapter 10: Agriculture 73
Past Emissions 73
Enteric Fermentation 73
Manure Management 74
Agriculture Soils 74
Getting to Zero by 2060 76
Projected Emissions 76
Chapter 11: Waste 77
Past Emissions 77
Solid Waste Disposal on Land 77
Getting to Zero by 2060 79
Projected Emissions 79
Chapter 12: The Six Percent Solution 80
Canada's Emissions in 2060 80
Canada in 2060 80
The Way Forward 81
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