Table of Contents

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Global Warming and Canada
Getting to Zero Emissions by 2060

Content	Page
Introduction	1
Chapter 1: Canada’s Emissions	3
Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory	3
Canada’s Emission Profile	3
The Challenge	5
Chapter 2: Fossil Fuels	6
Past Emissions	6
National Priorities	6
Non-energy Use of Fossil Fuels	7
Efficient Fossil Fuels	7
Carbon Capture and Storage	7
Capture from Combustion	8
Transportation and Storage of Captured CO₂	9
Fugitive Emissions	10
Getting to Zero by 2060	11
Projected Emissions	13
Chapter 3: Generally Electric	14
Past Emissions	14
Meeting Canada’s Energy Needs through Electricity Without Fossil Fuels	14
Potential Energy Sources	16
Wind	16
Solar	20
Photovoltaic Systems	23
Solar Heat	25
Other Technologies	26
Water Power	26
Hydro	26
Ocean Wave and Tidal Energy	28
Salinity	29
Nuclear	30
Thermal	31
Commercialization	33
Grid Management	33
The Collection System.	34
The Distribution System.	34
Storage	34
Super Grids and High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines	37
Removing Demand Peaks	39
A Final Note	41
Getting to Zero by 2060	41
Projected Emissions	41
Chapter 4: Stationary Combustion Sources	43
Past Emissions	43
Reducing Energy Demand	44
Getting to Zero by 2060	46
Projected Emissions	47
Chapter 5: Road and Off-Road Transportation	48
Past Emissions	48
The Electric Vehicle	49
Battery-Powered Vehicles	50
Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles	53
Production of Hydrogen	53
Distribution of Hydrogen	54
Storage of Hydrogen	54
Electricity Generation	55
Implementing the Hydrogen Economy	55
Biofuels	56
Trucking	57
Vehicle Usage Strategies	57
Improving Car Design	58
Getting to Zero by 2060	58
Projected Emissions	59
Chapter 6: Aviation and Marine	60
Aviation	60
Past Emissions	60
Marine	65
Past Emissions	65
Getting to Zero by 2060	66
Projected Emissions	67
Chapter 7: Railways	68
Past Emissions	68
Getting to Zero by 2060	69
Projected Emissions	69
Chapter 8: Industrial Processes	70
Past Emissions	70
Getting to Zero by 2060	71
Projected Emissions	71
Chapter 9: Solvent and Other Product Use	72
Past Emissions	72
Getting to Zero by 2060	72
Projected Emissions	72
Chapter 10: Agriculture	73
Past Emissions	73
Enteric Fermentation	73
Manure Management	74
Agriculture Soils	74
Getting to Zero by 2060	76
Projected Emissions	76
Chapter 11: Waste	77
Past Emissions	77
Solid Waste Disposal on Land	77
Getting to Zero by 2060	79
Projected Emissions	79
Chapter 12: The Six Percent Solution	80
Canada's Emissions in 2060	80
Canada in 2060	80
The Way Forward	81

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Global Warming and CanadaGetting to Zero Emissions by 2060

Global Warming and Canada
Getting to Zero Emissions by 2060